The thermo-physical deaeration process is by far the most applied technology in the Boiler Feedwater Degassing when a reduction of oxygen to only a few parts per billion is required. Dissolved gases are removed by steam stripping, and the steam is moreover employed as heating medium because of the reduced solubility of gases at higher temperature.

On the other hand vacuum deaerators are employed when heating of water is not necessary and when steam is not available as a stripping medium. Typical applications are degassing of Injection Water in the upstream sector and in the degassing of make-up water in district heating.

The advantages of BONO Artes' deaerating processes are the following:

In the purification of make-up water the target is to reduce to the maximum possible extent the presence of suspended solids due to the incoming well or surface water. Moreover in evaporative cooling towers the circulating water is contaminated by impurities due to the atmospheric air (air-borne dust). Therefore, filtration of a partial stream of circulating water (Side Stream) is necessary to reduce the content of suspended solids and as a consequence the purging stream.

Filtration of such Make-up and Side-streams can be done by means of:

The latter is particularly suitable for the "side stream" filtration where large capacities are involved and water flows by gravity through the filters directly into the cooling water reservoir.

The Condensate Polishing is concerned with three specific types of impurities.

Types of impurities:

Designing a vast range of plants and from answering the most varied problems in all industrial sectors, BONO demineralization plants have made the norm in the evolution of water treatment.

Most common applications of demineralisation:

Demineralization can be roughly schematised in three different steps:

BONO Artes can provide its customers with its long term experience in effluent treatment systems.

In detail specific solutions have been developed for the following applications:

The BIOCLAR biological treatment package is widely used in several industrial sites where waste water can be easily assimilated to urban sewage.

Among the most important applications of ARTES' Sanitary Water Treatment (BIOCLAR) and Drinking Water makers:

The natural destination of Produced Water is injection back as "flooding water" into the reservoir in order to "move" oil toward the extraction hole, this is normally done below the oil layer into the "formation" rocks. Since the rocks are highly porous the Produced Water to be injected must be free from solids, oil and scaling salts to avoid "plugging" of the "formation" rocks. The residual life of an oil reservoir is strictly related to the "size" of the solids particles still present in the injection water.

Treatment of produced water is therefore mainly based upon a sequence of stages according to the influent oil and solid content. The first stage is characterised by a de-oiling unit arranged on oil interceptors (coalescing plates or tilted plates type) or flotation units. In order to achieve the maximum purity from solid particle, downstream the first stage an extremely accurate filtration process is employed. Walnut shell filters are particularly suitable for this application assuring removal of up to 98% of the contaminants present in the feed water.

The possibility to treat "Produced Water" is, from one point of view, a way to reduce the impact on the environment; from the other a strong possibility to increase production of oil and therefore profitability.

In some cases Produced Water is not enough to cope with the demand of water to be injected in the oil basin to keep the pressure high. Specific Injection Water treatment systems are designed for this purpose featuring in particular vacuum degassing, fine filtration and chemical conditioning.

Well water treatment is by far the most commonly used source of water for most civil and industrial applications where there is large availability of water in aquifers at low depth from the ground level.

Well water is roughly defined by the following characteristics:

Treatment of surface water consist of a sequence of different stages.

Stages:

Sea water treatment & desalination is implemented when there is limited availability of well and surface water. This is particularly true in desert areas or when the available surface water is of extremely poor quality .

The technologies employed by BONO Artes in the desalination of sea water are based on membrane processes. In particular the "heart" of the process scheme is a Reverse Osmosis unit where saline water is pumped in cross flow on the elements with enough pressure to overcome the high osmotic pressure and enable a satisfactory recovery factor.

Energy saving solutions are implemented with high-rejection energy saving permeators and with the use of "energy recovery" device enabling the energy of the high pressure concentrate to be transferred to the incoming feed water thus reducing the required power per unit of desalinated water.